开展从源头释放到风险产生全过程的评价可有效指导铅污染的控制.通过建立包含释放物源头、环境过程、暴露途径及风险值计算的铅风险评价的模型,对人为循环中铅源头释放物的健康风险、生态风险及综合风险进行评价.采用系数估算值来表征铅释放物在环境中衰减和暴露水平.结果表明:2010年中国所产生的1887 t铅释放物(基于前期研究结果),经过环境衰减和暴露过程后,可形成健康风险的铅释放物量为1.3 t(人均水平为0.9 mg/ca),而可形成生态风险的铅释放物量为2.7 t.铅释放的源头集中在使用阶段,而产生的风险主要集中在废物管理与回收阶段和生产阶段.从形态来看,产生健康风险最多的形态为PbO,而PbSO4为造成生态风险最多的化合物.铅释放物中的PbSO4、PbO和Pb形态所导致的风险占总风险的71％,在风险管理中应关注这三种形态.
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