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g-C3N4作为丰富的可见光光催化剂,具有独特的二维结构,优异的化学稳定性和可调的电子结构;但因其激子结合能高和结晶度较低,导致其光催化过程量子效率偏低,限制了光催化剂的推广应用.根据g-C3N4独特的可调电子结构,将其与半导体材料进行耦合,形成异质结构,通过调控半导体的能带结构,优化其光吸收能力,促进光生电子-空穴对的快速分离,从而抑制光生载流子的复合,提高其光催化效率.目前,人们已发展了许多g-C3N4与窄禁带和宽禁带半导体耦合形成的二元纳米复合材料,广泛应用于光催化降解污染物、光催化水解产氢和光催化还原将温室气体CO2转换成有用的碳氢燃料等方面,但关于g-C3N4基的三元复合光催化剂,尤其与天然纳米材料DNA复合,研究其电催化性能的却鲜有报道.近年来,随着环境污染日益严重,被称为环境激素的五氯酚(PCP)、壬基酚(NP)等一系列环境激素在水体和土壤等环境介质中长期残留,难以降解,且容易聚集在生物体内,通过空气循环和食物链等方式进入人体,对环境和人体产生极大的危害,所以越来越多的人致力于环境激素的高效筛选和检测的研究.常规的分析方法已经很难满足人们对环境激素的高灵敏检测的要求,而电化学方法因其操作简单、成本低廉、选择性好、灵敏度高、样品前处理简单等特点而备受关注.本文成功设计和制备了g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA三元纳米复合材料.首先,采用水热法制备了ZnS半导体纳米片,采用热解法制备了g-C3N4纳米片,接着将它们与DNA复合,成功制备了g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA纳米复合材料,通过苯胺聚合法修饰到玻碳电极表面,成功构建了NP和PCP环境激素新型的电化学传感器.通过透射电镜、X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和X射线光电子能谱等对其形貌、结构及组分进行了表征.采用CHI660C仪器对新型的电化学传感器的电催化性能进行了系统研究.通过循环伏安法(CV)和示差脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了NP和PCP在g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA-GCE修饰电极的上的电化学行为.电化学阻抗谱表明,g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA纳米复合材料大大促进了修饰电极的电子传递能力,与g-C3N4膜相比,ZnS和DNA共掺杂的g-C3N4膜对NP和PCP的电化学响应明显提高,峰电流是g-C3N4膜的2倍,电催化活性明显增强.在最优化条件下,NP和PCP检测的线性范围分别为2.0×10–5–1.0×10–8和1.0×10–5–1.0×10–8 mol L–1,检出限均为3.3×10–9 mol L–1.将g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA-GCE修饰电极用于湖水中NP和PCP的测定,其回收率均高于90%,证明g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA纳米复合材料修饰电极可应用实际水样中痕量环境激素的测定.同时,我们分析了电催化活性增强的原因:(1)DNA分子通过C-O-C键连接到g-C3N4表面,导致ZnS纳米片组装成线性超结构,形成稳定的g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA纳米复合材料;(2)由于DNA和PCP或NP之间的相互作用使得电极表面上的PCP和NP的浓度增加;(3)纳米复合材料聚苯胺膜可促进电子转移和加速PCP或NP向电极表面的扩散;并提出了Z型g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA纳米复合材料的电子转移路径,以及PCP和NP的可能的电催化氧化机理.

We successfully designed and prepared a g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite by a simple method and systematically investigated its morphology, microstructure, and electrocatalytic properties. The as-prepared g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite possessed the electrocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-ZnS and the conductivity of DNA. The presence of DNA was found to enhance the electrocatalytic re-sponse of the nanocomposite towards environmental hormones, e.g. pentachlorophenol and nonylphenol, owing to the interaction between g-C3N4-ZnS and DNA, indicating that a stable nano-composite was formed. The three components showed synergistic effects during electrocatalysis. Electrochemical impedance spectra indicated that the g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite dramatically facilitated the electron transfer of a modified electrode. The co-doping of g-C3N4 film with ZnS and DNA doubled the electrochemical response of the modified electrode in comparison with that of unmodified g-C3N4 film. The detection limits (3 S/N) of pentachlorophenol and nonylphenol were 3.3 × 10?9 mol L?1. Meanwhile, we propose a possible Z-scheme mechanism for electron transfer in the g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite and the possible pentachlorophenol and nonylphenol electro-catalytic oxidation mechanism. The g-C3N4-ZnS-DNA nanocomposite-modified electrode was demonstrated to be effective for electrochemical sensing of trace environmental hormones in water samples.