系统研究了形状记忆合金丝(SMA)应力-应变曲线、特征点应力、耗能能力及等效阻尼比随材料直径、应变幅值、加载速率、加载循环次数的变化规律;由于SMA唯象Brinson等常见本构模型无法以数学模型方式精确描述SMA各影响因素对其力学性能的影响程度,基于SMA实验结果,本工作采用BP神经网络智能算法(一种利用误差反向传播训练的神经网络算法)对其进行非线性建模,同时利用遗传算法对神经元的初始权值和阈值进行优化,进而获得了一种基于遗传算法优化的SMA BP神经网络本构模型。利用该模型对SMA实验结果进行模拟,所得结果平均误差仅为1.13%,优于未优化的SMA BP神经网络模型。结果表明,基于遗传算法优化的SMA BP神经网络本构模型,能够精确地预测SMA在反复荷载作用下的超弹性性能,避免由于初始权/阈值取值不当引起的BP网络振荡而产生不收敛的问题,同时也充分考虑了加/卸载速率的动态影响,是一种良好的速率相关型动力本构模型。
Systematic study was conducted on the variation regularity of stress-strain curve, feature point stress, dissipated energy and equivalent damping ratio of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires changed with wire diameter, strain amplitude, loading rate and loading cyclic number. By nonlinearly modeling experimental results for SMA using the neural network intelligent algorithm (a neural network algorithm with back-propagation training) and optimizing the initial weight and threshold value of neurons using genetic algorithm, a new BP neural network constitutive model for SMA optimized with genetic algorithm is established. This model successfully overcomes the shortcomings of other mathematical models such as the phenomenological Brinson, by which the various influence factors to mechanical properties in an experiment for SMA are hardly simulated exactly. In fact, the average error between experimental and simulated results is only 1.13% by using this model, much better than conventional BP neural network models. The results show that the BP neural networks constitutive model optimized with genetic algorithm can not only predict accurately the superelastic performance of SMA under cyclic loading, but also avoid the no convergence problem caused by concussion of BP network due to the improper initial weight and threshold value set up. Furthermore, this model would be a better model than others because of fully considering the dynamic influence of loading/unloading rate on SMA experiments.
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