湿法冶金过程常产生大量含重金属离子的废水,极易对环境造成危害.这些重金属离子通常包括Zn(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ),Ni(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ),As(Ⅲ)和Pb(Ⅱ),将这些重金属离子有效分离回收是当前的研究热点.综述了有机磷酸、羧酸以及羟肟等萃取剂在分离重金属离子时的分离效果及规律,并按照待处理体系中金属种类的复杂程度分为简单体系和复杂体系,针对不同体系金属种类的组成情况,分别指出了其所对应的有效协同萃取体系.文献的研究结果表明,在简单体系中,对铜金属的萃取存在一类特定的协同萃取体系,其萃取效果十分明显.而针对镍钴金属的萃取分离,通常选择有机磷酸类协同萃取体系.在锌镉金属的萃取分离中,硫代磷酸与胺类的协同萃取体系有良好的效果.目前针对复杂体系中金属的萃取分离,酸性萃取剂与含氮官能团的肟类萃取剂的的合理组合将对其中金属离子产生协同萃取效应,这种协同效应显著提高了各金属离子的萃取选择性及分离效果,因此协同萃取技术在回收废水中的重金属离子方面具有广阔的前景.
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