对残余应力的测试在学术研究和工程应用中越来越重要,是获取零件服役条件以及工艺制造的应力状态的重要方法 ,可以为零件寿命的预测和制造工艺的控制等提供重要的参考.目前,残余应力的测试方法 多样.介绍了残余应力的测试方法 及其所能达到的测试层深,以及几种新型的残余应力的测试方法 及其适用的范围;阐述了残余应力的定义和形成机理,并对引入残余应力的常见表面形变强化工艺进行了分析,介绍了不同的工艺下形成的残余应力的特征;最后,指出了对目前残余应力测试和研究中存在的问题和发展趋势,提出了三维原位无损分析、残余应力和模拟相结合的跨学科系统研究以及形成相关的大数据库平台系统将是未来发展的方向.
Residual stress measurement is becoming more and more important in academic research and engineering applica-tions and is an important method for obtaining the stress state of components service condition and the manufacturing process, which can provide important reference for the prediction of parts life and control of the manufacturing process. At present, there are vari-ous testing methods of residual stress. This paper introduced the testing methods of residual stress and the layer depth that can be achieved. At the same time, several new methods of residual stress measurement and applicable scopes were introduced. The defi-nition and formation mechanism of residual stress were briefly described in this paper and some common surface enhancement processes that can produce residual stress in parts and characteristics of residual stress formed in different processes were intro-duced. This paper discussed the problems and development trend existing in the testing and research of residual stress. The test of residual stress should be more precise and efficient. The future development directions of residual stress testing are three-dimen-sional nondestructive analysis, combination of residual stress and simulation and big data platform system.
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