陶瓷纳米多层膜因具超硬效应而成为近年的研究热点. 本文对这类人工材料的研究进展和存在的不足进行了评述, 并展望了进一步研究的方向. 二十年来, 陶瓷纳米多层膜的实验研究已取得明显进展：在微结构特征方面, 两调制层形成共格外延生长结构是纳米多层膜产生超硬效应的必要微结构条件已成为共识; 材料组合方面, 由于模板效应, 不同结构类型的材料, 甚至非晶材料都可在纳米多层膜中形成共格外延生长结构, 高硬度纳米多层膜材料体系已得到大大的拓展. 与此相比较, 对纳米多层膜强化机制和设计准则的研究相对滞后, 仍停留在以金属纳米多层膜基于位错运动受阻于界面的理论解释上. 因而, 建立适合于陶瓷纳米多层膜的强化机制和设计准则; 拓展纳米多层膜的材料组合, 开发以碳化物、硼化物甚至氧化物为基的纳米多层膜将成为进一步研究的方向.
Ceramic nanomultilayers are becoming hot research because of superhardness effect. Recent progresses and limitations in the research of these artificial hard materials is reviewed, and possible future work is highlighted. Over the past two decades, numerous experimental studies have been conducted leading to significant progress in the exploring of new superhard nanomultilayer systems and understanding of their microstructures. In the aspect of microstructure, it is now commonly accepted that the formation of coherent interface between modulation layers is a critical microstructure prerequisite for nanomultilayers to obtain superhardness. In the aspect of developing new nanomultilayer systems, owing to the template effect, coherent epitaxial growth can be easily realized between two modulation layers even if they naturally have different crystalline structures or one of them exists in amorphous, and material combination that is able to achieve superhardness are thus greatly expanded. On the other hand, in contrast to experimental studies, relatively slow progress has been achieved in theoretical studies aimed in explaining the hardening mechanism of these ceramic nanomultilayers. The mainstream theory currently employed is still the one that was proposed twenty years ago to explain the hardness anomaly enhancement in nanomultilayers formed by metal components, with emphasis on impediment to dislocation motion by interfaces. Therefore, future works should involve in building up new hardening mechanisms and design principles that can be applied to ceramic nanomultilayers, and exploring new multilayer material combinations such as carbides, borides, and even oxides.
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