沸石晶体是应用领域最广的分子筛材料.基于这一原因,长期以来人们几乎把"沸石"一词等同于分子筛.沸石晶体不仅可应用于催化、吸附、分离等过程,还可用于微型激光器、非线性光学材料及纳米器件等新兴领域.因此,分子筛材料的合成和晶体生长引起科学界和工业部门越来越浓厚的研究兴趣.1982年美国联合碳化物公司首次合成了新型磷酸铝分子筛,打破了分子筛由硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体组成的传统观念,此后许多AlPO4-n分子筛不断涌现.由于在地面上难以生长出较大尺度的沸石晶体,因而,自20世纪80年代以来,沸石晶体的合成已成为空间材料科学的研究热点之一.前苏联、欧洲、日本和美国已在空间完成了多次沸石和磷酸铝晶体生长试验.本文将首先介绍微重力环境对于分子筛晶体生长的有利条件.然后,简述国际上已完成的空间实验,包括:前苏联PHOTO返回卫星实验、欧洲和日本CASIMIR飞行实验、欧洲EURECA空间飞行平台实验、美国STS航天飞机实验、国际空间站(ISS)实验.最后综述空间实验的主要研究结果.
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