对合金宏观偏析(黑斑)研究中出现的各种形式的Rayleigh判据及其应用进行了总结.讨论了各种判据产生的条件及使用范围.根据Flemings的宏观偏析理论建立了一种考虑凝固界面倾角效应的黑斑通用判据,并讨论了该判据在特殊条件下的表达式,找出了它与其它判据的联系.利用垂直向上和水平定向凝固方法试验检验了这些判据的正确性.发现Worster提出的判据和Flemings的宏观偏析理论是一致的.凝固速率对黑斑形成的影响大于温度梯度的影响,考虑凝固界面倾角的判据能更好的预测黑斑的形成.
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