核子(强子)是夸克、胶子的束缚态，由量子色动力学QCD描述。由于QCD的基本特性(高能标度下的渐近自由、低能标度下色禁闭及动力学手征对称性破缺)，对核子(强子)结构和性质的QCD图象是标度相关的．在高能标度下描述强子的是与探测强子结构的硬过程相联系的QCD部分子模型．强子的夸克、胶子结构信息通过QCD部分子求和规则得到．QCD微扰论是适用的理论．在低能标度时，必须发展QCD非微扰途径来描述核子(强子)物理．这里简要地讨论各种非微扰途径(格点QCD、Dyson-Schwinger方程、有效场论、QCD求和规则)的某些结果和进展，并指出QCD真空结构在描述低能标度下强子物理中担任重要角色．
The nucleon (hadron) is the bound state of guarks and gluons, which is described by thequantum chromodynamics (QCD). Due to the basic properties of QCD (the asymptotic freedom at thehigh-energy scale, the color-confinement and the dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking at the low-energyscale), the QCD picture for the nucleon's (hadron's) structure and property is scale-dependent. At high-energy scale, the QCD parton model, which is relative to the hard process for testing the hadron structure,is used to describe the hadron. The information about hadron's structure and property can be extractedthrough the QCD parton sum rules. QCD perturbation theory is suitable and powerful at high-energyscale. At low-energy scale, QCD nonperturbative approach must be developed to be used to describe thenucleon (hadron). Here we briefly discuss some results and progresses of various nonperturbative ap-proaches (lattice QCD, Dyson-Schwinger equation, the effective field theory, QCD sumrules), and pointout that QCD vacuum structure plays an important role in describing hadron physics at low-energy scale.
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