采用浸没沉淀相转化法在二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)及二甲亚砜(DMSO)等4种溶剂下制备了聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)超滤膜,铸膜液组成为PVB-溶剂二元体系,水为非溶剂.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了PVB膜的表面形貌与断面结构,并对其渗透及分离性能进行了测试,同时着重讨论了PVB膜表面结构的形成机理.结果表明,溶剂种类不仅决定了PVB-溶剂二元体系的热力学稳定性,同时也影响了其成膜过程的动力学效应;PVB膜断面结构受溶剂-非溶剂相互扩散速度的控制,而膜表面形貌则是铸膜液平衡热力学与成膜动力学结合的结果;不同溶剂的PVB超滤膜纯水通量大小的顺序依次为DMSO＞DMAC＞DMF＞NMP,其截留分子量则分别在40 000～50 000道尔顿之间.
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