新型疫苗的飞速发展对佐剂或递送体系的研究提出了巨大的挑战.针对传统佐剂在细胞免疫应答方面不足的问题,选取生物相容性好的高分子材料为主要基质,设计并制备出一系列尺寸均一且具有不同颗粒性质(粒径、电荷或表面基团)的纳微米颗粒佐剂.研究表明,新型颗粒佐剂表现出良好的增加抗原内化、促进抗原提呈和T淋巴细胞增殖等优势,有望满足重要传染性疾病甚至恶性肿瘤的防治需求.此外,针对目前仍无有效黏膜免疫佐剂的难题,以具有生物粘附性的壳聚糖为基质,开发了温度敏感性凝胶作为疫苗佐剂.该凝胶佐剂不仅可以使鼻黏膜制剂有效铺展和停留,还可以借助材料本身特性增加抗原渗透性并活化T细胞,从而诱导高效的免疫应答,拓展了传统以注射为主的免疫递送方式.上述基于纳微米颗粒和凝胶佐剂的疫苗传递体系的系统性研究,为新型疫苗传递系统的开发提供了有意义的探索.
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