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细菌内毒素，又称脂多糖分子或者热原，是革兰氏阴性细菌和某些蓝藻细胞壁组分，主要由菌体死亡解体后释放。内毒素是常见的外源性致热原，属于强免疫刺激剂，与多种人类疾病密切相关。由于饮用水中会滋长微生物，因此内毒素污染在饮用水中普遍存在。近年来，国外研究中饮用水的细菌内毒素污染开始受到关注，成为饮用水微生物安全领域新兴的研究方向。本文概述了细菌内毒素的物化性质和生物活性，分析了细菌内毒素在饮用水中的存在形态，综述了国内外关于地表水源、地下水源、管网末梢水和深度处理水的内毒素污染调查状况，分析了传统水处理技术、深度处理技术和饮用水消毒技术对内毒素的控制效果，探讨了饮用水中内毒素的血液暴露、呼吸暴露和胃肠暴露途径导致机体潜在的健康风险、安全阈值和相关标准，并对饮用水细菌内毒素污染研究方向进行了展望。

Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharide or pyrogen, are anchored in the outer membrane cell wall of most Gram-negative bacteria ( GNB ) and some cyanobacteria. They are released after the apoptosis of bacteria cells. As common pyrogen and highly immunogenic molecules, endotoxins are related to many human diseases. They are ubiquitous in drinking water due to the growth of bacteria. In recent years, an increasing number of reports on endotoxin contamination in drinking water have been published. In this paper, the physical properties, chemical properties and biological activities of endotoxin were reviewed and the existing forms of bacterial endotoxin in drinking water were analyzed. In addition, the investigation of endotoxin contamination in surface water, ground water, tap water, and advanced treatment water were reviewed, and the control effects of endotoxin contaminations by additional water treatment processes, advanced water treatment processes, and water disinfections were summarized. The health risk, related thresholds and standards caused by the endotoxin contamination in drinking water by the main exposure ways were also discussed, including the exposure of respiration and gastrointestinal tract. The development tendency of the endotoxin contamination in drinking water was predicted.