稀土掺杂的上转换纳米材料可以吸收近红外波长范围的低能量光子而释放出紫外光或可见光波长范围的高能量光子.近年来,由于其独特的光学性能,人们以稀土上转换纳米晶(UCNPs)为基础构建了许多不同的纳米载体,以期能够应用于生物成像、光动力治疗(PDT)、载药系统构建以及生物传感等领域,解决当前癌症诊断和治疗等医学难题.基于UCNPs的纳米载体构建机制种类繁多,根据纳米载体的空间结构及修饰层的位置来归类分析,可将构建机制大体分为三种:UCNPs为核心,修饰层在纳米晶的表面;UCNPs为核,与外壳之间形成中空夹层,修饰层在中空夹层及纳米晶的表面;UCNPs为空心微球的外壳,修饰层在微球的内部及其表面.这三种UCNPs载体构建机制各有利弊.文章将介绍这三种UCNPs载体的构建机制及其相应的表面修饰,总结经过修饰后的功能化纳米载体在不同领域中的应用效果,并对稀土纳米载体构建机制的发展前景进行展望.
Lanthanide-doped up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) could absorb and convert several low-energy photons from the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region to a higher-energy output photon as shorter-wavelength UV or visible light.In recent years,due to the deep tissue penetration ability of NIR light,more researches have been focused on modification of UCNPs surface in order to extend its applications in fields such as bioimaging,photodynamic therapy (PDT),drug delivery,biosensor,etc.Generally speaking the construction of nanocarrier based on UCNPs mainly involves three kinds of mechanisms for surface modifications:decoration layer extended outward from the solid core UCNPs,UCNPs cavity structure,and UCNPs hollow microspheres.Each mechanism has its characteristics,advantages and disadvantages.In this review,these mechanisms and their corresponding synthesis details and structures were presented together with their applications in various fields.The potential application and perspectives of development in UCNPs surface modifications were also discussed.
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