采用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)以及力学性能测试等方法对500-1350℃碳化纤维进行表征,研究了碳化温度对纤维结构缺陷和力学性能的影响.结果表明:在500-900℃低温阶段其强度和模量都随着碳化温度的升高呈增加趋势,但二者的增长速率在700℃前后是不同的.应力-应变曲线表明,低于700℃出现应力急剧下降的“之”字形拐点,没有明显屈服;700℃之后先出现屈服,后产生拐点.在1350℃高温阶段,纤维的断裂呈现出典型的脆性材料特征.在500-1350℃,碳化纤维的断裂主要取决于其表面缺陷.700℃和1350℃两种纤维表面都存在沿纤维轴方向的细长裂纹,700℃碳化纤维中的细长裂纹直径约为2nm,长度从几十纳米到几百纳米,1350℃碳化纤维中的细长裂纹直径约为1 nm,长度在50-190 nm.这些细小的裂纹,可能是导致纤维断裂的主要原因.
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