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Eu(3+) doped Y(2)O(3) nanocrystals are synthesized via precipitation and hydrothermal methods. With the increase of hydrothermal temperature, the number of surface states decreases when nanorods are formed. The decrease of surface states induces the increase in the ratio of S(6) site to C(2) site, and meanwhile results in the spectral red-shift of charge transfer band as well as the enhancement of red emission. The results indicate that the surface states and optical properties have close correlations. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.