中子衍射利用中子不带电、穿透力极强、能直接鉴别核素、比X射线与电子束对轻元素灵敏、具有磁矩等特点，业已成为一种独特的从原子和分子尺度上表征各种物质的结构和微观运动的高新技术。本文着重介绍了原位中子衍射技术作为材料四维表征技术在金属材料的残余应力、变形机制、固态相变、纳米偏聚团等方面的研究进展。
Neutron diffraction is an atomic- or molecular-level characterization technique of material structures and microscopic movements because neutron is an electronic neutral subatomic particle with certain magnetic moment, strong penetration, more sensitive to light elements than X-ray and electron. The in situ neutron diffraction as one of materials four-dimensional characterization techniques has been reviewed with much emphasis on its applications to metallic materials science, such as residual stress evaluation, plastic deformation mechanism, solid phase transformation and nanometer clusters.
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